2023_english_olevel_mj_paper2

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Far Pecfarmancy Moasnrenent

ZIMBABWE SCHOOL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level

ENGLISH LANGUAGE 4005/2

PAPER 2
JUNE 2023 SESSION 2 hours

Additional materials:
Answer paper

Allow candidates 5 minutes to count pages before the examination.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the spaces provided on the answer
paper / booklet.

Read the provided passage very carefully before you attempt any question.
Check that the booklet has all pages and ask the invigilator for a replacement if there are
duplicate or missing pages.

Answer all questions.

Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided using black or blue pens.

Leave a space of one line between your answers to each part of a question e.g. between I(a)
and (b). Leave a space of at least three lines after your completed answer to each whole

question.

Answer question 3 on the grid answer sheet provided in this question paper.
Tear off the grid answer sheet for question 3 from this question paper and attach it to

the other answer sheets.
If you use more than one sheet of paper, fasten the sheets together.

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
You are advised to spend 1 hour 30 minutes on Section A and 30 minutes on Section B.
Mistakes in spelling, punctuation and grammar may be penalised in any part of the paper.

This question paper consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.
Copyright: Zimbabwe School Examinations Council, J2023.

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SECTION A (40 MARKS) Read the following passage very carefully before you attempt any questions. Answer all the questions in the spaces provided on the question paper.

Mistakes in spelling, punctuation and grammar may be penalised in any part of the paper.

KEEPING EGGS WARM

(For cold-blooded reptiles, and some birds too, maintaining incubation temperature calls for
special measures.)

1

The American alligator, (a relative of the American crocodile), like all reptiles, is cold-
blooded, so the female is poorly equipped to incubate her eggs. Instead, she builds an
incubator using her immensely strong tail to scrape together a mound of vegetation in
which she buries her eggs. Just like a garden compost heap, the pile begins to decay and
warms up. As it does so, the temperature rises to the ideal thirty-seven degrees Celcius.

This is a useful solution to the problem of incubation. However, it is not entirely
satisfactory. The temperature within the heap varies by only a few degrees, but even a
small change can have a major impact on the size and vitality of the new-born. Eggs
that incubate at lower than ideal temperatures will take longer to develop, and more of
the food content will be used up by the embryo in keeping itself alive. When they
therefore hatch, the young offspring are smaller than those incubated at the ideal

temperature.

In a shrewd evolutionary development, the alligator has adapted to this unpredictability.
A small female produces proportionately fewer eggs than a large one, but at least she
will produce some. However, for males, size is crucial. Large males win most females
and the ferocious fights that happen at the start of the mating season. Small males may

never mate at all.

To ensure her young ones get the best chance to breed successfully and so pass on her

genes, a mother alligator needs her large offspring to be male and her smaller offspring
to be female. In fact, sex is determined by the temperature at which an egg is incubated.
Eggs that develop in ideal incubation conditions produce large males, but those that are
inadvertently kept cooler will turn out smaller females. For every male produced, there

are five females.
As with alligators, the sex of tortoises is determined by egg temperature. However, the

tortoise differs entirely from the alligator in that tortoise eggs that develop at the right
temperature produce large females and those incubated at lower temperatures produce

smaller males.
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is strictly limited by the size 9 Ones. Again, the determi young offspring with the

f her shel
nation of sex

best Prospect:

1. Large females
by the temperatur

s than smal]
mpe € ensu
sof Continuing the speci

res that females Produce
es,

Another nursery gardener, the Au:

i Stralian mallee fo
them in a heap of vegetation or co mm

» Incubates its eggs by buryi
mpost. It build high an
som inucbeaag ae collecting oe n - $a mound up to one Metre high and

: : tons of leaves and so;

up to thirty eggs in the centre of the heap of vegetation, then she. dpatis nefits ys
covers the eggs and takes up his vigil. The male Constantly probes the nest sh male
to gauge temperature with his beak

, which must be about thirty-three degrees Celci
elcius.
take seven weeks to develop and hatch, but the oss keeps i baa fowl.

é whole pro
busily occupied for eleven months of the year.

Parental concern for eggs is unusual in most sn
their eggs in a safe place, then abandon them to take their chances. However, there are
some pythons that not only protect their eggs, but incubate them too.

Woe Coclet®y Coral Priect — eags,
2-— After laying a clutch of about a hundred eggs, the female python coils herself round.
them. She then begins to shiver, making thythm

ic contractions of her m
Taise her body temper: S much as seven degrees Celcius above that of her

surroundings. She gently shuttles the eggs in and out of the sun.

There are cold-blooded snakes which cannot use their body heat to incubate their eggs.

Although several other species of snakes guard their eggs, so far as is known, only the
python incubates them. This may be because other species lack the massive muscle
power required to generate the necessary warmth.

akes. Most are satisfied with burying

10

11 For reptiles, the ideal environment is a warm climate whose even temperatures permit

the eggs to hatch unaided. Reptiles are also found in places Tanging from tropical rain
forests to chilly moorlands. In some of these, a number of species have found different
solutions to the problem of incubating eggs. The European grass snake, for

example, lays its eggs in piles of rotting vegetables. The heat t generated by the chemical
breakdown of the plant material is just right for the eggs.

12 There are dangers, too, in such an environment. Fungi and bacteria abound and some

protection from them is essential if the developing young ones are to Survive. The
protection is provided by the tough, leathery shell of the grass sn s To
_ minimise exposing its eggs to predators, the grass snake also lays its eggs in an re

3)
environment whose background colour is identical to WV nh

es

i t ina
13 The ostrich, the largest living bird, is unable to fly and must therefore make its nes

F d
scrape on the ground. Ostrich eggs weigh about one and hal mmes each an

: d
make a meal not to be despised by even such large predators as jackals, Te at them:
the occasional lion. Major hazards to survival call for special measures

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14

15

16

|

The ostrich's response has been to evolve a highly unusual pattern of breeding and
incubating.

A male ostrich forms a pair bond with only one bird, the 'major hen’, although he will
also mate with as many other females as he can. These ‘secondary females’ are allowed
to lay their eggs into the nest, but take no part in incubating them. This task, the male

shares with his major hen. He sits on the eggs during the night when the danger is
greater and the major hen takes over in the day.

It is rare for an animal to look after the offspring of others, since helping them will
decrease the food and other resources available for its own. The major hen is no more

unselfish than any other female bird. When the nest is full and she can no longer
effectively incubate all the eggs, she pushes out so

fr.
These make a circle of discarded eggs round the nest.

Lying neglected in the sun, these discarded eggs will never hatch, but they are the first
eggs that any predator will find and may well be sufficient to satisfy its hunger. They

will, at any rate, therefore, divert attention from the major hen’s eggs which remain in
relative security beneath the parent in the centre of the nest.

Adapted from: Exploring the Secrets of Nature, Readers Digest,1994.

Answer all the questions on the answer paper provided.

From par
1 @@) §6@ What makes the female alligator fail to incubate her eggs? [1] Ay
(ii) | How does the female alligator solve that problem of failing to hy
incubate her eggs? [1] a C
(iii) | How does the mound of vegetation incubate the eggs? 1] .
From paragraph 2
(6) (This is auseful solution ....' Explain fully what 'This' refers to. [1]
(ii) “The temperature within the heap varies by onlyafew =
degrees." What effect will be noticed in the alligator offspring 1
when the eggs are hatched in low temperature conditions? [
DS) 7; 023
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(c)

(d)

(e)

2 (a)

(b)

FIN AON

From paragraph 3

Why is size very important for the Male alligator?

From paragraph 4

Quote a phrase of Six consecutive wi i i
ords which exp] i
of temperature to the unhatched eggs. Pans the patting

[1]

From paragraphs 4 and §

What will be the Noticeable differe

‘ : Nee as an effect of the right tem erature
on the incubation of eggs for alligators and tortoises? P [2]
From paragraph 6
@ Explain the reason why tortoises, unlike crocodiles, have a better
chance for mating. [1]
(ii) What evidence is there in this paragraph to show that the author
feels it is important for tortoises to guard against extinction? [1]
From paragraph 7
@ Quote a phrase of ten consecutive words which shows the role of a
male Australian mallee fowl in the incubation of eggs. [1]
(ii) Explain, in your own words, why a male Australian mallee fowl
keeps on probing the nest with its beak. na

iii i is busily occupied for eleven
(iii) Give two reasons why a mallee fowl is busi
months a year, yet it only takes seven weeks to develop and hatch ™ a
eggs.

4005/2 J2023

IN

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From the whole passage

(c) Choose five of the following words or phrases which are in bold print in the
passage. For each of them, give one word or a short phrase (of not more than

seven words) which has the same meaning that the word or phrase has in the
passage.

1, scrape together (paragraph 1)
2. impact (paragraph 2)

3. vitality (paragraph 2)

4, ferocious (paragraph 3)

5. rare (paragraph 6)

6. ensures (paragraph 6)

7, discarded (paragraph 16)

8. sufficient (paragraph 16)
[5]

Part of the passage describes how some creatures warm, incubate and protect thei
eggs till they hatch.

Write a summary of the way the python, grass snake and the ostrich warm, incubate
and protect their eggs.

Use only the information from paragraph 9 up to the end of the passage.

Your summary, which should be in continuous writing (not note form), must not be
longer than 160 words, including the given ten (10) words. Write each word ina
separate box on the grid answer sheet provided by Zimsec on page 7 and 8 of this
question paper. If you make a mistake, cancel the word(s) and write the correct word(s)
in the same box(es) above or next to the cancelled word(s). Tear off the grid answer
sheet from this question paper and attach it to the other answer sheets.

Begin your summary as follows: ‘
After laying about a hundred eggs, the female python then ....

[20]

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0

SECTION B : SUPPORTING LANGUAGE STRUCTURES (10 MARKS)
Answer all questions in this section.
You are advised to spend not more than 30 minutes on this section.
4 (a) Select and write the correctly spelt word from those in brackets in the
following sentences. Write the correct word only.

(i) Only the major hen has the (privilege/priviledge/previledge) to
incubate the eggs. {1

(ii) (Occassionally/Occasionally/Ocasionally), lions love to eat ostrich
eggs. ny)

(b) Join the following pairs of sentences using the words: which/whom/whose/

/who appropriately.
(i) For reptiles, the ideal environment is a warm climate.
Even temperatures permit eggs to hatch unaided. (

(ii) = The female python makes thythmic contractions of her muscles.
The rhythmic contractions raise her body temperature. {4

(c) Complete the following sentences with the correct word in brackets.
Write the correct word only.

(i) If other snakes had massive muscle power, they (would /will) be
able to incubate their eggs.

(ii) If reptiles (are/were) warm blooded, they would easily incubate

their eggs. 0
(d) Re -write the following sentences avoiding unnecessary repetition.
() This task is the job for the male to share with his major hen. (i
(ii) When the nest is full, and cannot take anymore, the ostrich major
hen pushes some of the eggs out. My

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(e)

10

Re-write the following sentences in the positive form, but retaining the
same meaning.

@
Gi)

The major hen is not selfish. [1]

The ostrich’s deliberate exposure of some of its eggs to predators

a * j I
motrnembie bao oabe f aGhich -

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